The stigmatization of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) remains a critical public health issue with profound social, psychological, and medical implications (Zhao et al., 2019). Despite significant advancements in the treatment and management of HIV/AIDS, stigma persists, hindering efforts to control the epidemic. This stigmatization manifests in various forms, including discrimination, social exclusion, and internalized shame (Liamputtong & Rice, 2021), all of which can severely impact the lives of those affected.






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